1 Physicists rejected the innovative experimental technique because, althought
it --------some problems, it also producted new --------.
(A) clarifiled .. date
(B) eased .. interpretations
(c) resolved .. complications
(D) caused .. hypotheses
(E) revealed .. inconsistencies
The word "because" indicates that the second part of the sentence, where
the missing words appear, explains why an innovative experimental technique
was rejected by physicists. The word "although" indicates that the technique
had some redeeming feature ; the first missing word is somethings positive
that can be done to problems. The second missing word is some
undesirable feature that the technique prodced.
(A) is not the answer. To have "clarified" problems would be a redeeming
feature of the technique. However, producing new "data" is also
probably desirable, rather than undesirable.
(B) is not the answer. To have "eased" problems would be a redeeming
feature of the technique. But producing new "interpretations" is also likely
to be desirable, rather than undesirable.
(C) is the answer. Although a techniqe "resolved" some problems, it might still
be rejected because it produced new "complications"
(D) is not the answer. To have "caused" problems is not a redeeming feature
of a technique, and to produce new "hypotheses" is not an undesirable
feature.
(E) is not the answer. To have "revealed" some problems may or may not be
a redeeming feature of a technique. Producing "inconsistencies" may in
some circumstances be undesirable, However, there is not enough
information in the sentence to allow you to determine whether producing
"inconsistencies" and revealing problems are desirable or undesirable.
2 During a period of protracted illness, the sick can become infirm,-----both the
strenght to work and many of the specific skills they once possessed.
(A) regaining (B) denying (c) pursuing
(D) insuring (E) losing
protracted : 오래 끈
pursue : 뒤쫓다, 따라다니다
The last part of the sentence explains what happens when the sick become
infirm. To become infirm means to experience diminished vigor.
(A) is not the answer. Becoming infirm does not mean "regaining" strength
and skills : it means the opposite.
(B) is not the answer. A person who become infirm may be said to be
denied strength and skills, rather than to be "denying" them.
(C) is not the answer. A person who has become infirm may at the same
time be "pursuing" strenght and skills, but the condition of infirmity is not
defined in this way.
(D) is not the answer. To become infirm does not imply "insuring" strength
and skills.
(E) is the answer. To experience diminished vigor implies "losing" strength and
skills.
3 The pressure of population on available resources is the key to understanding
history ; consequently, any historical writing that takes no cognizance of
-----facts is ----flawed.
(A) demographic .. intrinsically
(B) ecological .. marginally
(c) cultural .. substantively
(D) psychological.. philosophically
(E) political .. demonstratively
congnizance : 인식
intrinsic : 본질적인
The first part of the sentence emphasizes that, in order to nderstand history, it
is important to take into account the great import!ance of the pressure of
population on on available resources. The word "consequently" indicates that
the second part of the sentence describes a conclsion that follows from the
statement made in the first part. In this case, what follows is a judgment
about any historical wrirting that does now show recognition of the
correctness of the statement. The first missing word will provide a one-word
description of the type of fact sggested by the first part of the sentence. The
second missing word describes in what way writing that fails to take this type
of fact into account is flawed.
(A) is the answer. "Demographic" facts are derved from the study of hman
population. The "pressure of population" mentione4d in the first clause is a
"demographic" consideration. Because the sentence indcates that these
facts are very important, you can conclude that the author believes that
writing that fails to take them into account is "intrinsically" (essentially)
flawed.
(B) is not the answer. The statement made in the first part of the sentence
cold be described as a statement about "ecological" facts (loosely, facts
about the relationship of organisms to their environment). However, in
view of the great import!ance ascribed to the information in the
statement, it would be inappropriate to call work that ignores facts
relating to the statement "marginally" flawed.
(C) is not the answer The pressre of population on resources is not prinarry a
"cultural fact There is no information in the passage that suggests a
relationship between culture, or a particular culture, and the pressure of
population on resources.
(D) is not the answer. The presse of population on resources is not primarily a
"psychological" fact. There is no information in the sentence that sggests
a relationship between psychology and the pressure of population on
resoces.
(E) is not the answer. The word "political" does not adeqately describe the
type of fact suggested by the information in the first part of the
sentence.
4 It is puzzling to observe that Jones's novel has recently been criticized for its
----- structure, since commentators have traditionally argued that its most
obvios---- is its relentlessly rigid, indeed schematic, framework.
(A) attention to .. preoccupation
(B) speculation about .. characteristic
(c) parody of .. disparity
(D) violation of .. contradiction
(E) lack of .. flaw
speculation : 이론, 공론, 숙소, 고찰
The word "since" indicates that the second part of the sentence explains why
recent criticism of the structure of Jones' novel is puzzling. The first missing
word helps to explain why the novel has been recently crticized. The second
part of the sentence gives the characterstic of the novel that has
traditionally been criticized, and the second missing word is a general name
for such a characteristic.
(A) is not the answer. If critics have traditionally argued that the novel's
"preoccupation" is with structure, then it is not puzzling that it has been
recently criticized for its "attention to" structure.
(B) is not the answer. Having a rigid framework as an abvious "characteristic"
does not make "speculation about" structure puzzling.
(C) is not the answer. A "disparity" implies a difference among two or more
elements, rather tan a caracterstic of a single entty.
(D) is not the answer. There is no information in the sentence that would
lead one to regard a rigid framework as a "contradction"
(E) is the answer. One might well be puzzled that a novel is criticized for
"lack of" strcture, when its rigid framework is often seen as an obvious
"flaw".
5 It comes as no surprise that societies have codes of behavior ; the character
of the codes, on the other hand, can often be -----
(A) predictable (B) unexpected (c) admirable
(D) explicit (E) confusing
The words " on the other hand " indicate that people's reactions to the
character of societies' codes of beavior are not like their reactions to the
fact of the codes' existence. Reaction to the existence of codes is likely to
be the opposite of reaction to the character of codes.
(A) is not the answer. To be "predictable" means to come as no surprise.
(B) is the answer. To be "unexpected" means to be suprising.
(C) is not the answer. Being "admirable" is not the opposte of beingunsurprising.
(D) is not the answer. To be "explicit" is not the opposite of being unsrprising.
(E) is not the answer, To be thought "confusing" is not the opposite of being
thought unsurprising.
6 The characterization of historical analysis as a form of fiction is not likely to
be received ---- by either historians or literary critics, who agree that history
and fiction deal with ----- orders of experience.
(A) quietly .. significant
(B) enthusiastically..shifting
(c) passively .. unusual
(D) sympathetically .. distinct
(E) contentiously .. realistic
sympathetic : 동정하는, 호의적인
The first missing word describes a way in which historians and literary critics ar
not likely to react to the suggestion that hstorical analysis is a form of
fiction. The second missing word will depend on how the first missing word
characterized this way of reacting.
(A) is not the answer. The agreeement that history and fiction deal with
"significant" orders of experience dose not explain why neither historians
nor literary critics will react "quietly."
(B) is not the answer. The agreement that history and fiction deal with
"shifting" orders of experience does not explain why neither historians nor
literary critics will react "passively"
(C) is not the answer. The agreement that history and fiction deal with
"unsual" orders of experience does not explain why neither historians nor
literary critics will react "passively"
(D) is the answer. If historians and literary critics agree that history and fiction
are "distinct" orders of experience, then they are unlikely to react
"sympathetically" to the idea that historical analysis is a forrm of fiction.
(E) is not the answer. The agreement that history and fiction deal with
"realistic" orders of experience does not explain why neither historians nor
literary critics will react "contentiously"
7 For some time now, --- has been presumed not to exist : the cynical
conviction that everybody has an angle is considered wisdom.
(A) rationality
(B) flexibility
(c) diffidence
(D) disinterestedness
(E) insincerity
diffidence : 망설임, 설레임
disinterestedness : 사욕 없는
The coclon (:) indicates that the second part of the sentence will explain the
first part. The missing word will describe the opposite of the cynical
conviction that "everybody has an angle", that is, that each person is
concerned primarily with his or her own interests.
(A) is not the answer. "Rationality." or reasonableness, is not the opposite of
self-interest.
(B) is not the answer. "Flexibility". which can mean a tendency to yield to
influence of abilit to respond to change, is not the opposite of
self-interest.
(C) is not the answer. "Diffidence" (reserve, timidity, or lack of confidence) is
not the opposite of self-interest.
(D) is the answer. "Disterestedness" means lack of self-interest.
(E) is not the answer. "Insincerity." of lack of honesty, is not the opposite of
self-interest.
FORM 86-2 (Ⅱ) 실전문제
◈ Sentence completion
1. The ------ of mass literacy coincided with the first industrial revolution ; in turn, the new expansion in literacy as well as cheaper printing, helped to nurture ----- of popular literature.
literacy : 교양
coincided : 동시에 일어나다, 조화
1. The sentence describes a chain in occurrences. The first missing word suggests what happened to mass literacy during the industrial revolution. The words "in turn, the new expansion of literacy" are a strong clue for the first missing word. The second missing word suggests what happened to popular literature as a result of the expansion of literacy and the advent of cheaper printing.
(A) is not the answer. "Building" is an unlikely term to describe an expansion of literacy. It is also unlikely that cheaper printing would increase "mistrust" of popular literature. In addition, one would not be likely to nurture "mistrust"
(B) is not the answer. The new expansion of mass literacy could be a "reappearance," but there is nothing in the sentence ot suggest this, It is unlikely that mass literacy nurtured the "display" of popular literature : in fact, a "display" is not something that can be nurtured.
(C) is not the answer. Mass literacy is not something that can be received, so "receipt" cannot be the first missing word. Printing does not directly affect the "source" of popular literature.
(D) is not the answer. Mass literacy is not something that is ordinarily thought of as being selected, so "selection" cannot be the first missing word.
(E) is the answer. The "emergence" of mass literacy corresponds to the "new expansion of literacy". It is reasonable to assume that increased literacy and cheaper printing are likely to have contributed to the "rise" of popular literature.
2. Although ancient tools were ---- preserved, enough have survived to allow us to demonstrate an occasionally interrupted but generally ---- progress through prehistory.
(A) partially .. noticeable
(B) superficially .. necessary
(c) unwittingly .. documented
(D) rarely .. continual
(E) needlessly .. incessant
2. The first missing word describes how ancient tools were preserved. The phrase "enough have survived" indicates that not all survived, and the word "Although" indicates that the tools were preserved in a way that would not lead you to expect enough to survive. The second missing word describes a progress through prehistory. The word "but" suggest that the word that fills the second blank must contrast with the idea of occasional interruption.
(A) is not the answer, In this context, "partially" must describe the incomplete preservation of particular tools, rather than of a number of tools, as "enough have survived" suggests. "Noticeable" does not present a direct contrast with "interrupted"
(B) is not the answer. Superficial preservation would not permit tools to survive. There is no information in the sentence to suggest that a progress through prehistory is "necessary?"
(C) is not the answer. The ancient tools could have been "unwittingly" (inadvertently) preserved, but "documented" does not contrast with "occasionally interrupted."
(D) is the answer. It is logical to say that enough tools have survived in spite of their being "rarely" preserved. A "continual" progress contrasts with one that is occasionally interrupted.
(E) is not the answer. "Needlessly" suggests that there was no good reason to preserve the tools, but "enough have survived" suggests that their preservation was important. Since "needlessly" is not in keeping with the sense of the rest of the sentence, it cannot be the missing word. "Incessant" suggests that the progress through prehistory never ceased.
3. In parts of the Arctic, the land grades into the landfast ice so -- that you can walk off the coast and not know you are over the hidden sea.
(A) permanently
(B) imperceptibly
(c) irregularly
(D) precariously
(E) slightly
3. The missing word describes how land grades(levels off gradually and smoothly) into ice. It explains why you can walk off the coast without realizing that you have done so.
(A) is not the answer. The fact that land grades "permanently" into ice does not explain why you cannot detect the grading.
(B) is the answer. "Imperceptibly" means undetectably. The fact that you cannot detect the grading explains why you can walk off the coast without realizing it.
(C) is not the answer. It is likely that grading that occurs "irregularly" is detectable. In any case, it is unlikely that irregularity alone could explain your inability to detect grading.
(D) is not the answer. "Precariously" suggests abrupt change leading to danger, so it is likely that grading described as precarious is detectable.
(E) is not the answer. A slight grade might be undetectable, but in this question another answer choice indicates even more clearly why you can walk off the coast without realizing it.
4. Kagan maintains that an infant's reactions to its first stressful experiences are part of a natural process of development, not harbingers of childhood unhappiness or ----- signs of adolescent anxiety.
(A) prophetic
(B) normal
(c) monotonous
(D) virtual
(E) typical
harbinger : 전조
adolescent : 미숙한
4. The sentence contrasts the infant's reaction, part of normal developmental process, with future unhappiness and anxiety. The missing word describes signs of adolescent anxiety as they relate to the infant.
(A) is the answer. "Prophetic" signs, like harbingers, foretell future occurrences, For the infant, adolescent anxiety is a future occurrence.
(B) is not the answer. "Normal" signs of adolescent anxiety cannot occur in an infant.
(C) is not the answer. Signs of adolescent anxiety could be "monotonous," but these signs could not occur as such in an infant.
(D) is not the answer. An infant's reactions are unlikely to be mistaken for signs of adolescent anxiety, as "virtual" suggests.
(E) is not the answer. "Typical" signs of adolescent anxiety are unlikely to occur in an infant.
5. An investigation that is ----- can occasionally yield new facts, even notable ones, but typically the appearance of such facts is the result of a search in a definite direction.
(A) timely
(B) unguided
(c) consistent
(D) uncomplicated
(E) subjective
5. The missing word describes an investigation that contracts with a "search in a definite direction"
(A) is not the answer. "Timely' does not contract with the idea of definite direction.
(B) is the answer. An "unguided" investigation contrasts with a search in a definite direction.
(C) is not the answer. A "consistent" investigation does not contrast with a search in a definite direction.
(D) is not the answer. An "uncomplicated" investigation does not contrast with a search in a definite direction.
(E) is not the answer. A "subjective" investigation does not contrast with a search in a definite direction.
6. Like many eighteenth - century scholars who lived by cultivating those in power, Winchelmann neglected to neutralize, by some ----- gesture of comradeship, the resentment his peers were bound to feel because of his --- the high and mighty.
(A) quixotic .. intrigue with
(B) enigmatic .. familiarity with
(c) propitiatory .. involvement with
(D) salutary .. questioning of
(E) unfeigned .. sympathy for
neglected : 무시하다, 방치하다
comradeship : 우애, 우정
resentment : 노함, 분개
quixotic : 비현실적인
enigmatic : 불가사의한
propitiatory : 달래는
unfeigned : 성실한
6. The first missing word describes a gesture of comradeship of a kind that would neutralize the resentment of Winkelmann's peers. The second missing word explains Winkelmann's relationship with the high and mightly.
(A) is not the answer. A "quixotic" gesture is idealistic or romantic. There is no reason to suppose that such a gesture would neutralized resentment, or that Winkelmann indulged in "intrigue with" the high and mighty.
(B) is not the answer. It is unlikely that an "enigmatic" gesture, one that is puzzling or obscure, would neutralize resentment.
(C) is the answer. A "propitiatory" gesture is one intended to devert anger. Winkelmann's "involvement with" the high and mighty is indicated by the fact that he cultivated those in power.
(D) is not the answer. An "unfeigned" gesture might have helped Winkelmann, but there is no information in the sentence to suggest that feignedness was a needed characteristic of the gesture. In addition, the sentence provides no suggestion that Winkelmann felt "sympathy for" those he cultivated.
7. In a ----- society that worships efficiency, it is difficult for a sensitive and idealistic person to make the kinds of ---- decisions that alone spell success at it is defined by such a society.
(A) bureaucratic .. edifying
(B) pragmatic .. hardheaded
(c) rational .. well -intentioned
(D) competitive .. evenhanded
(E) modern .. dysfunctional
bureaucratic : 관료식의
edifying : 교화하다
wellintentioned : 선의의
7. The first missing word describes a society that worships efficiency. The second missing word describes the kinds of decisions that such a society requires, and contrasts with the words "sensitive" and "idealistic" art characterize a person trying with difficulty to make such decisions.
(A) is not the answer. A "bureaucratic" society might worship efficiency. However, "edifying" cannot be the second missing word because, if the decisions required were truly "edifying," a sensitive and idealistic person would not find them so difficult to make.
(B) is the answer. A "pragmatic" society is one that is more concerned with practical matters than with idealism. Such a society might well require "hardheaded" decisions rather than the idealistic ones preferred by a sensitive and idealistic person.
(C) is the answer. A "rational" society might worship efficiency, but a sensitive and idealistic person would not have difficulty making decisions that are "well-intentioned."
(D) is not the answer. Worship of efficiency is not implicit in the definition of a "competitive" society. There is no way of knowing whether a sensitive and idealistic person would have difficulty making "evenhanded" decisions.
(E) is not the answer. A "modern" society might or might not worship efficiency, and there is no reason to suppose that such a society would require "dysfunctional" decisions.
